Interviewee: Tarek Abdelaziz, General Manager at P&G Health
1. Can you tell us about the impact of sleep deprivation on individuals and society?
Sleep deprivation has significant consequences for both individuals and society as a whole. Research studies have shown that sleep deprivation can lead to decreased productivity, impaired cognitive function, increased risk of accidents, and negative effects on overall health and well-being. It also contributes to societal costs, as mentioned in the sleep study supported by P&G Health and Ipsos. Addressing sleep deprivation is crucial for promoting individual health and productivity.
2. What factors can contribute to poor sleep quality?
Sleep issues vary widely, each associated with specific symptoms and prevalence. Disruptions due to shift work, jet lag, and irregular timings affect 30-36% of the population, primarily causing sleeplessness and tiredness. Night terrors and sleepwalking are less common, impacting 1.5-3%, and often involve involuntary movements and hallucinations. Excessive sleepiness affects 15-18% and leads to drowsiness and irritability. Snoring and sleep apnea, very common issues, affect up to 30.5% and involve symptoms like snoring and gasping. Finally, issues such as leg cramps and restless syndrome (4-6% prevalence) also contribute to sleep disturbances, causing discomfort and headaches.
Poor sleep quality can be influenced by several factors, including lifestyle choices such as excessive electronic device usage before bedtime, irregular sleep schedules, and environmental factors like noise or light pollution. A 10% increase in the number of people using their cellphones in bed was reported compared to the previous year. In the Asia Pacific region, 78% of respondents indicated that this habit results in shorter sleep durations and a delay in falling asleep compared to their desired bedtime. Additionally, factors like high stress levels, certain medical conditions, and medication side effects can also affect sleep quality. A Toluna qualitative survey conducted with >400 consumers in Saudi Arabia in September 2020, revealed that about 2 out of 3 Saudis (~70%) experience sleeplessness, including difficulty falling asleep, waking up at night and waking up tired in the morning. Yet over 50% did not take any action for their sleep deprivation. For Saudis, a good night’s sleep helps in waking up energised and in a good mood, along with the body feeling refreshed and recovered. However, most Saudi consumers only go to sleep at midnight with an average sleep of 5 to 6 hours on weekdays.
3. How can we assess sleep quality accurately?
Sleep health is determined by several key factors, including sleep efficiency, with a target of 85% or higher indicating good quality rest. Other crucial aspects are minimal sleep disturbances and a sleep latency period within 30 minutes, which reflects the ease of falling asleep. Achieving sufficient sleep is crucial, with adults generally needing between 7 to 9 hours per night for optimal health and well-being. A low level of wakefulness after sleep onset, known as ‘WASO,’ is equally important to ensure sleep quality and restoration. Together, these attributes are integral to achieving healthy sleep patterns.
To assess sleep quality, researchers and healthcare professionals use various methods. One commonly used tool is the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) developed by Buysse et al. (1989). The PSQI is a questionnaire that measures multiple aspects of sleep quality, including sleep duration, sleep disturbances, and overall satisfaction with sleep. Additionally, objective measures like polysomnography and actigraphy are used in research and clinical settings to provide detailed information on sleep patterns and disturbances.
4. Are there any regional differences in sleep patterns and sleep deprivation?
Yes, regional differences in sleep patterns and sleep deprivation have been observed. Cultural factors and lifestyle choices can influence sleep patterns in different regions. In the Asia Pacific region, 84% of respondents reported using their phones in bed. The survey found that 78% of respondents experienced shorter sleep durations and had difficulty falling asleep. 2 out of 3 Saudis (~70%) experience sleeplessness, including difficulty falling asleep, waking up at night and waking up tired in the morning. Additionally, factors like population density, urbanisation, and socioeconomic conditions can impact sleep quality. It is important to study and address these regional differences to develop targeted interventions for improving sleep health.
5. Who is at higher risk of sleep issues?
Certain groups are at an elevated risk for sleep issues. Older adults often face sleep challenges due to age-related changes in sleep patterns. Shift workers, especially those on night shifts, experience decreased melatonin secretion, which can disrupt the circadian rhythm and lead to varying sleep concerns. Students frequently confront poor sleep quality owing to stress, academic pressures, anxiety, and irregular sleep schedules. Individuals with mental health disorders, such as depression, may have disrupted melatonin secretion patterns, exacerbating sleep issues and their overall condition. Females report higher rates of insomnia due to hormonal factors and sociocultural stressors. Lastly, persons in abusive environments endure chronic stress that significantly affects sleep quality, compromising their ability to get restful sleep. Each group’s unique circumstances contribute to a heightened susceptibility to a range of sleep-related problems.
6. What is the role of melatonin in promoting sleep?
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the body that plays a key role in regulating sleep-wake cycles. It is released in response to darkness and helps to signal the body that it is time to sleep. Additionally, melatonin supplements are often used as a sleep aid for individuals with sleep difficulties, such as insomnia. Natural, non-addictive supplements like, ZzzQuil NATURA™ can be helpful, especially as melatonin production may decrease with age or due to external factors such as using electronic devices late at night or working irregular hours. Supplements can help restore a natural sleep rhythm and improve sleep quality. For instance, ZzzQuil NATURA™ with a clinically proven level of melatonin helps you fall asleep naturally with no next day drowsiness. In addition to melatonin, the product also has carefully selected ingredients such as chamomile, lavender and valerian known for their ability to promote natural and restful sleep, and Vitamin B6 that helps to relieve the body’s tiredness and fatigue. It is important to note that the effectiveness of melatonin supplements can be variable, and they may not be appropriate or effective for everyone.
- What are other strategies to improve sleep quality?
There are some strategies individuals can incorporate to improve sleep quality – such as maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, creating a relaxing bedtime routine, and creating a sleep-friendly environment can significantly impact sleep. It is also recommended to limit electronic device usage before bed, as exposure to blue light emitted by these devices can interfere with melatonin production and affect sleep quality. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, and seeking professional help when needed can also contribute to better sleep. Prioritising sleep health is essential for overall well-being.
